An analysis of the distribution of specific ASIC models present in the Bitcoin network. This work has enabled us to make better estimates of Bitcoin’s power draw, network-wide efficiency, and e-waste.

A comparison of L1 state storage prices. This work stemmed from a simple question: how much does it cost to encode 1MB of data accross L1s? The results helped explain the growth of Ordinals NFTs.

On Nov 8 2022 I found a suspicious 4B USD transaction onchain between Alameda Research and FTX. This was before the exchange filled for bankruptcy and the finding sent myself and my team into a wild onchain rabbit hole.

This report is the first examination of Admin Key exploits in Ethereum. We built an Intrusion Detection System (IDS) to flag admin key exploits historically and in real-time. We then found several exploits that were never previously disclosed.

In this report, we introduce several metrics to better understand the economics, safety and liveness of the Ethereum network as the Consensus Layer merges with the Execution Layer.

Bitcoin SV was attacked via a so-called ‘51% attack’ which led to a deep reorg and millions of dollars double spent.

Our disclosure and research around the 51% attack on Verge (XVG) which allowed the attacker to mint over 57M USD worth of XVG.

In this report, I look at the leading protocols being built on Bitcoin and introduce a taxonomy to better contextualize them.

What is blockchain interoperability and how are cross-chain transactions implemented?

My first-hand perspective of the Block Size Wars.

An overview of Monero’s privacy-preserving tech stack and its newest upgrade, Bulletproofs.

How does Bitcoin work under the hood?